A proxy server is a computer which sits between two endpoint devices and acts as an intermediate device. When the client computer requests a resource from the server, it may be a file or a web page, the request is sent to the proxy server first. The proxy server then sends the request to the destination server and obtains the resource sent by the server. Once the resource is obtained by the proxy server, it sends the resource to the client machine. The use of a proxy server is that it can cache the resource, for example if a website is accessed frequently from a proxy server, it’s likely that the proxy server will have the content of the site in its cache, it can now serve the webpage directly to the user. A proxy server can be used to facilitate security, administrative controls and caching services. Proxy servers can also be used for anonymity as whenever obtaining a resource from a server, proxy server uses its own IP address rather than the client’s IP address.
Squid Proxy is an open source caching proxy for the web. It supports many protocols such as HTTP, HTTPS, FTP and more. It improves the response time and reduces bandwidth by caching and reusing the frequently accessed web pages and files. In this tutorial we will learn to install Squid Proxy on CentOS 7. We will also learn about some basic configuration which can be done on Squid caching server.
Requirements
Squid does not have any minimum hardware requirements, but the amount of RAM may vary according to the users accessing the Internet through your proxy and the objects stored in the cache. To follow this tutorial you will need a CentOS 7.x server with root access on it. If you are logged in as non root user, run sudo -i to switch to root user. You can also use sudo command before all the administrative commands to run them as root user.
Installing Squid
Before installing any packages, it is recommended to update the system and packages using the following command.
yum -y update
Now you will need to install EPEL repository to your system as Squid is not available in default yum repository. Run the following command to install EPEL repository in your server.
yum -y install epel-release
yum -y update
yum clean all
Now you can install Squid Proxy using the following command.
yum -y install squid
Once you install Squid, you can start the program immediately using the following command.
systemctl start squid
To automatically start Squid at boot time you can run the following command.
systemctl enable squid
To view the status of Squid service, run the following command.
systemctl status squid
You will see an output similar to this.
[root@ip-172-31-23-60 ~]# systemctl status squid
● squid.service - Squid caching proxy
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/squid.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (running) since Sun 2016-10-16 04:36:10 UTC; 4min 36s ago
Main PID: 7416 (squid)
CGroup: /system.slice/squid.service
├─7416 /usr/sbin/squid -f /etc/squid/squid.conf
├─7418 (squid-1) -f /etc/squid/squid.conf
└─7419 (logfile-daemon) /var/log/squid/access.logOct 16 04:36:10 ip-172-31-23-60 systemd[1]: Starting Squid caching proxy... Oct 16 04:36:10 ip-172-31-23-60 systemd[1]: Started Squid caching proxy. Oct 16 04:36:10 ip-172-31-23-60 squid[7416]: Squid Parent: will start 1 kids Oct 16 04:36:10 ip-172-31-23-60 squid[7416]: Squid Parent: (squid-1) process...d Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
To view the available options with squid command, run the following command.
squid -h
You will see output similar to this.
[root@ip-172-31-23-60 ~]# squid -h
Usage: squid [-cdhvzCFNRVYX] [-s | -l facility] [-f config-file] [-[au] port] [-k signal]
-a port Specify HTTP port number (default: 3128).
-d level Write debugging to stderr also.
-f file Use given config-file instead of
/etc/squid/squid.conf
-h Print help message.
-k reconfigure|rotate|shutdown|interrupt|kill|debug|check|parse
Parse configuration file, then send signal to
running copy (except -k parse) and exit.
-s | -l facility
Enable logging to syslog.
-u port Specify ICP port number (default: 3130), disable with 0.
-v Print version.
-z Create missing swap directories and then exit.
-C Do not catch fatal signals.
-D OBSOLETE. Scheduled for removal.
-F Don't serve any requests until store is rebuilt.
-N No daemon mode.
-R Do not set REUSEADDR on port.
-S Double-check swap during rebuild.
-X Force full debugging.
-Y Only return UDP_HIT or UDP_MISS_NOFETCH during fast reload.
To view the Squid version and configuration options, run the following command.
squid -v
You will likely see the following output.
[root@ip-172-31-23-60 ~]# squid -v
Squid Cache: Version 3.3.8
configure options: '--build=x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu' '--host=x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu' '--program-prefix=' '--prefix=/usr' '--exec-prefix=/usr' '--bindir=/usr/bin' '--sbindir=/usr/sbin' '--sysconfdir=/etc' '--datadir=/usr/share' '--includedir=/usr/include' '--libdir=/usr/lib64' '--libexecdir=/usr/libexec' '--sharedstatedir=/var/lib' '--mandir=/usr/share/man' '--infodir=/usr/share/info' '--disable-strict-error-checking' '--exec_prefix=/usr' '--libexecdir=/usr/lib64/squid' '--localstatedir=/var' '--datadir=/usr/share/squid' '--sysconfdir=/etc/squid' '--with-logdir=$(localstatedir)/log/squid' '--with-pidfile=$(localstatedir)/run/squid.pid' '--disable-dependency-tracking' '--enable-eui' '--enable-follow-x-forwarded-for' '--enable-auth' '--enable-auth-basic=DB,LDAP,MSNT,MSNT-multi-domain,NCSA,NIS,PAM,POP3,RADIUS,SASL,SMB,getpwnam' '--enable-auth-ntlm=smb_lm,fake' '--enable-auth-digest=file,LDAP,eDirectory' '--enable-auth-negotiate=kerberos' '--enable-external-acl-helpers=file_userip,LDAP_group,time_quota,session,unix_group,wbinfo_group' '--enable-cache-digests' '--enable-cachemgr-hostname=localhost' '--enable-delay-pools' '--enable-epoll' '--enable-icap-client' '--enable-ident-lookups' '--enable-linux-netfilter' '--enable-removal-policies=heap,lru' '--enable-snmp' '--enable-ssl' '--enable-ssl-crtd' '--enable-storeio=aufs,diskd,ufs' '--enable-wccpv2' '--enable-esi' '--enable-ecap' '--with-aio' '--with-default-user=squid' '--with-filedescriptors=16384' '--with-dl' '--with-openssl' '--with-pthreads' 'build_alias=x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu' 'host_alias=x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu' 'CFLAGS=-O2 -g -pipe -Wall -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fexceptions -fstack-protector-strong --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -grecord-gcc-switches -m64 -mtune=generic -fpie' 'LDFLAGS=-Wl,-z,relro -pie -Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-z,now' 'CXXFLAGS=-O2 -g -pipe -Wall -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fexceptions -fstack-protector-strong --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -grecord-gcc-switches -m64 -mtune=generic -fpie' 'PKG_CONFIG_PATH=:/usr/lib64/pkgconfig:/usr/share/pkgconfig'
The main configuration file for Squid proxy can be found on /etc/squid/squid.conf. You can now setup your browser to use the proxy server you just created. For Internet Explorer and Google Chrome, you can go to Control Panel > Internet Options. In the Connections tab, click on LAN settings and enter your proxy server IP address and port 3128. You will see that you are now browsing the internet through the proxy server.
By default the Squid proxy server is configured to connect to a local network only, if you are not into the local network of the proxy server, you will see an error saying “The proxy server is refusing connections”. If you are getting these kind of errors, then you will need to configure Access Control Lists or ACL into the squid configuration file.
You can check the error logs of Squid using the following command.
tail -f /var/log/squid/access.log
You will see an output similar to shown below.
[root@ip-172-31-23-60 ~]# tail -f /var/log/squid/access.log
1476596170.987 61641 61.14.229.246 TCP_MISS/200 3460 CONNECT aus5.mozilla.org:443 - HIER_DIRECT/52.42.158.162 -
1476596470.531 121781 61.14.229.246 TCP_MISS/200 129 CONNECT qa.sockets.stackexchange.com:80 - HIER_DIRECT/198.252.206.25 -
1476596574.995 101350 61.14.229.246 TCP_MISS/200 129 CONNECT qa.sockets.stackexchange.com:80 - HIER_DIRECT/198.252.206.25 -
1476596867.906 290539 61.14.229.246 TCP_MISS/200 129 CONNECT qa.sockets.stackexchange.com:80 - HIER_DIRECT/198.252.206.25 -
1476596875.984 4939 61.14.229.246 TCP_MISS/200 129 CONNECT qa.sockets.stackexchange.com:80 - HIER_DIRECT/198.252.206.25 -
1476597519.292 1561080 61.14.229.246 TCP_MISS/200 3828 CONNECT qa.sockets.stackexchange.com:443 - HIER_DIRECT/198.252.206.25 -
1476597857.853 979174 61.14.229.246 TCP_MISS/200 216 CONNECT qa.sockets.stackexchange.com:80 - HIER_DIRECT/198.252.206.25 -
1476598063.413 4459 61.14.229.246 TCP_MISS/200 129 CONNECT qa.sockets.stackexchange.com:80 - HIER_DIRECT/198.252.206.25 -
1476598213.392 351400 61.14.229.246 TCP_MISS/200 158 CONNECT qa.sockets.stackexchange.com:80 - HIER_DIRECT/198.252.206.25 -
1476598576.745 511218 61.14.229.246 TCP_MISS/200 158 CONNECT qa.sockets.stackexchange.com:80 - HIER_DIRECT/198.252.206.25 -
Configuring Squid
Squid can be easily configured by editing the global configuration file /etc/squid/squid.conf. To edit the configuration file run the following command.
nano /etc/squid/squid.conf
You can use any editor of your choice, in this tutorial we will be using nano editor. If you don’t have nano editor installed, you can run yum -y install nano command to install nano editor.
A minimum sample configuration file will look like this.
#
# Recommended minimum configuration:
## Example rule allowing access from your local networks.
# Adapt to list your (internal) IP networks from where browsing
# should be allowed
acl localnet src 10.0.0.0/8 # RFC1918 possible internal network
acl localnet src 172.16.0.0/12 # RFC1918 possible internal network
acl localnet src 192.168.0.0/16 # RFC1918 possible internal network
acl localnet src fc00::/7 # RFC 4193 local private network range
acl localnet src fe80::/10 # RFC 4291 link-local (directly plugged) machinesacl SSL_ports port 443
acl Safe_ports port 80 # http
acl Safe_ports port 21 # ftp
acl Safe_ports port 443 # https
acl Safe_ports port 70 # gopher
acl Safe_ports port 210 # wais
acl Safe_ports port 1025-65535 # unregistered ports
acl Safe_ports port 280 # http-mgmt
acl Safe_ports port 488 # gss-http
acl Safe_ports port 591 # filemaker
acl Safe_ports port 777 # multiling http
acl CONNECT method CONNECT#
# Recommended minimum Access Permission configuration:
#
# Deny requests to certain unsafe ports
http_access deny !Safe_ports# Deny CONNECT to other than secure SSL ports
http_access deny CONNECT !SSL_ports# Only allow cachemgr access from localhost
http_access allow localhost manager
http_access deny manager# We strongly recommend the following be uncommented to protect innocent
# web applications running on the proxy server who think the only
# one who can access services on "localhost" is a local user
#http_access deny to_localhost#
# INSERT YOUR OWN RULE(S) HERE TO ALLOW ACCESS FROM YOUR CLIENTS
## Example rule allowing access from your local networks.
# Adapt localnet in the ACL section to list your (internal) IP networks
# from where browsing should be allowed
http_access allow localnet
http_access allow localhost# And finally deny all other access to this proxy
http_access deny all# Squid normally listens to port 3128
http_port 3128# Uncomment and adjust the following to add a disk cache directory.
#cache_dir ufs /var/spool/squid 100 16 256# Leave coredumps in the first cache dir
coredump_dir /var/spool/squid# # Add any of your own refresh_pattern entries above these. # refresh_pattern ^ftp: 1440 20% 10080 refresh_pattern ^gopher: 1440 0% 1440 refresh_pattern -i(/cgi-bin/|?) 0 0% 0 refresh_pattern . 0 20% 4320
Allow IP Address to Use the Internet Through Your Proxy Server
To allow a range of IP address to use the Internet through your proxy server. You can add a new ACL entry. Squid supports CIDR notations. Consider an example, if you want to allow a range of IP address from 110.220.330.1 to 110.220.330.255 then you can make the following entry in Squid configuration file under the list of ACLs.
acl localnet src 110.220.330.0/24
Your list of ACLs will finally look like this.
acl localnet src 10.0.0.0/8 # RFC1918 possible internal network
acl localnet src 172.16.0.0/12 # RFC1918 possible internal network
acl localnet src 192.168.0.0/16 # RFC1918 possible internal network
acl localnet src fc00::/7 # RFC 4193 local private network range
acl localnet src fe80::/10 # RFC 4291 link-local (directly plugged) machines
acl localnet src 110.220.330.0/24 #Your newly added ACL
For changes to take effect you will need to restart your Squid server, use the following command for same.
systemctl restart squid
Allow a Specific Port for HTTP Connections
By default Squid only consider very few ports as safe ports and allow connections through them. The ports which are allowed by default are:
acl Safe_ports port 80 # http
acl Safe_ports port 21 # ftp
acl Safe_ports port 443 # https
acl Safe_ports port 70 # gopher
acl Safe_ports port 210 # wais
acl Safe_ports port 1025-65535 # unregistered ports
acl Safe_ports port 280 # http-mgmt
acl Safe_ports port 488 # gss-http
acl Safe_ports port 591 # filemaker
acl Safe_ports port 777 # multiling http
The ports which are not listed above will not be accessed through the proxy. You can add a Port into the list of Safe_ports by modifying the list of ACLs for ports. For example it you want to allow port 168 to be accessed through the proxy server you can add the following ACL entry for this.
acl Safe_ports port 168
For changes to take effect you will need to restart your Squid server, use the following command for same.
systemctl restart squid
Using Basic Authentication with Squid
If you want to authenticate the user before they can use your proxy server, you can do it using the basic authentication feature available in Squid proxy. Although Squid supports many kind of authentication but basic authentication is very easy to set up.
First of all you will need to install httpd-tools, which comes with a tool htpasswd which we will use to create an encrypted password file. Run the following command to install httpd-tools.
yum -y install httpd-tools
Now create a new file and provide the ownership to squid daemon so that it can access it. Run the following command for same.
touch /etc/squid/passwd && chown squid /etc/squid/passwd
Now you can add a new user to the password file using the htpasswd tool. In this tutorial we will be creating an example user pxuser. You can replace pxuser with anything you like. Run the following command to create a new user using htpasswd tool.
htpasswd /etc/squid/passwd pxuser
It will ask for the new password twice, provide the password and you will see following output.
[root@ip-172-31-23-60 ~]# htpasswd /etc/squid/passwd pxuser
New password:
Re-type new password:
Adding password for user pxuser
By default htpasswd uses MD5 encryption for the password, hence your password will be stored in MD5 hash.
As we have our password file ready, you can now edit the squid configuration file using the following command.
nano /etc/squid/squid.conf
Add the following lines into the configuration file under the access control lists of ports.
auth_param basic program /usr/lib64/squid/basic_ncsa_auth /etc/squid/passwd
auth_param basic children 5
auth_param basic realm Squid Basic Authentication
auth_param basic credentialsttl 2 hours
acl auth_users proxy_auth REQUIRED
http_access allow auth_users
Write the changes to the file and exit from editor. Reload the Squid daemon using the following command.
systemctl restart squid
Now if you will try to use the proxy server, it will ask you for authentication. Provide your username and password and you will be able to use the proxy server. Unauthenticated user will be shown an error page.
Blocking Websites
You can easily block a single or a list of websites from the users. Using a separate file for the list of websites to be blocked is a good way to manage the blocked websites. Create a new file to store the list of websites to be blocked using your favorite editor.
nano /etc/squid/blocked_sites
Now enter the list of sites you want to block. One website per line.
liptanbiswas.com
liptan.com
Save the file and exit the editor. In this example we used some example websites, you can put a list of actual websites you wish to block. Now open the Squid configuration file again using the following command.
nano /etc/squid/squid.conf
Enter the following lines under acl list and http_access list.
acl blocked_sites dstdomain "/etc/squid/blocked_sites"
http_access deny blocked_sites
Write the changes to the file and exit from editor. Reload the Squid daemon using the following command.
systemctl restart squid
Now if you will try to access the blocked sites, you will get an access denied message from Squid.
Changing Squid Port
You can easily change the port on which squid listens to. Edit the configuration file using the following command.
nano /etc/squid/squid.conf
Scroll down to find the following lines into the file.
# Squid normally listens to port 3128
http_port 3128
Now change the http_port from 3128 to any port you want. Make sure that no other service is using the port which you will use for Squid. Now restart the Squid daemon and you will see that the changes are in effect.
Conclusion
In this detailed tutorial we learned how to install Squid proxy server on CentOS 7 systems. You can now easily setup a basic installation of Squid. You also learnt about some basic configuration of Squid proxy server inclusding enabling basic authentication.
